Banner image: Artist's depiction of the New Horizons spacecraft billions of miles from Earth. (Credit:听NASA, APL, SwRI, Serge Brunier/ESO, Marc Postman/STScI, Dan Durda)
Scientists have traveled to the edges of the solar system, virtually, at least, to capture the most accurate measurements to date of the faint glow that permeates the universe鈥攁 phenomenon known as the cosmic optical background.听
The new study, , draws on observations from spacecraft, which whizzed past Pluto in 2015 and is now nearly 5.5 billion miles from Earth. The research seeks to answer a deceptively simple question, said co-author Michael Shull, an astrophysicist at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder.
鈥淚s the sky really dark?鈥� said Shull, professor emeritus in the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences.
Space may look black to human eyes, but scientists believe that it鈥檚 not completely dark. Since the dawn of the cosmos, trillions of galaxies containing countless stars have formed and died, leaving behind an imperceptibly faint light. Think of it as the night light in space.听
Shull and the team, led by Marc Postman at the in Baltimore, calculated just how bright that glow is. Their findings suggest that the cosmic optical background is roughly 100 billion times fainter than the sunlight that reaches Earth鈥檚 surface鈥攆ar too faint for humans to see with the naked eye.
The results could help scientists shine a light on the history of the universe since the Big Bang.
鈥淲e鈥檙e kind of like cosmic accountants, adding up every source of light we can account for in the universe,鈥� Shull said.
Click to enlarge
Map revealing the regions in space, marked by circles and triangles, where New Horizons measured the cosmic optical background. The team pointed the spacecraft's LORRI instrument above and below the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy, along the map's equator, to avoid light from the galaxy. (Credit: Postman et al., 2024, The Astrophysical Journal)
Into the dark
It鈥檚 a type of number crunching that has captured the imagination of scientists for nearly 50 years, he added.
Shull explained that, after decades of research, astrophysicists think they have a pretty good idea of how the cosmos evolved. The first galaxies formed during an epoch known as the Cosmic Dawn several hundred million years after the Big Bang. The starlight from galaxies in the distant universe reached its brightest point about 10 billion years ago and has been dimming ever since.听
Precise measurements of the cosmic optical background could help scientists confirm whether this picture of the cosmos makes sense鈥攐r if there are mysterious, as-of-yet-undiscovered objects casting light into space.
Taking those kinds of measurements, however, isn鈥檛 easy, especially not from Earth.
Earth鈥檚 neighborhood is teeming with tiny grains of dust and other debris. Sunlight glints off this mess, washing out any signals that might be coming from the cosmic optical background.听
鈥淎 metaphor I use is if you want to see the stars, you need to get out of Denver,鈥� Shull said. 鈥淵ou have to go way out, right to the northeast corner of Colorado where all you have ahead of you are South Dakota and Nebraska.鈥�
New Horizons has given scientists a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to do something similar in space.
Cosmic accounting
The mission has uniquely Colorado origins. Alan Stern, who studied as a graduate student at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder under Shull and former Senior Research Associate Jack Brandt, leads the New Horizons mission. He鈥檚 currently based at the in Boulder, Colorado. The spacecraft also carries the , an instrument designed and built by students at the (LASP) at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder.
Over the course of several weeks in summer 2023, the researchers pointed New Horizons鈥� Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) at about two dozen听patches of sky.
Even at the edge of the solar system, the team still had a lot of extra light to contend with. The Milky Way Galaxy, for example, sits within a halo that, like our solar system, gathers dust.
鈥淵ou can鈥檛 get away from dust,鈥� Shull said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 everywhere.鈥�
He and his colleagues estimated how much light that halo could generate, then subtracted it from what they were viewing with LORRI. After getting rid of additional sources of light, the team was left with the cosmic optical background.
In scientific terms, that background amounts to about 11 nanowatts per square meter per steradian. (A steradian is a patch of sky with a width about 130 times the diameter of the moon).
Shull said that this value lines up well with how many galaxies scientists believe should have formed since the Big Bang. Put differently, there don鈥檛 seem to be any strange objects, such as exotic kinds of particles, out there in space producing a lot of light. But the researchers can鈥檛 rule out such anomalies completely.
The team鈥檚 measurements are likely to be the best estimates of the universe鈥檚 glow for a long time. New Horizons is using its remaining fuel supplies to pursue other scientific priorities, and no other missions are currently heading toward those cold and dark corners of space.听
鈥淚f they put a camera on a future mission, and we all wait a couple of decades for it to get out there, we could see a more exact measurement,鈥� Shull said.
Other co-authors of the new study include SWRI鈥檚 Alan Stern and Tod Lauer at the U.S. National Science Foundation National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory. Researchers from the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Texas at San Antonio and University of Virginia also participated.
