抖阴旅行射

Ten years ago this week, Colorado voters approved Amendment 64, making the state among the first two in the nation (along with Washington) to legalize the use and possession of cannabis, a.k.a. marijuana, for recreational purposes.

Since then, 19 states and the District of Columbia have followed suit. On Tuesday, another five will consider decriminalizing recreational use of weed.

Today, 听the once-underground endeavor is a $2 billion per year industry in Colorado, and research on its chemical makeup, health benefits and risks is flourishing at institutions around the country.

鈥淏efore, research focused almost exclusively on the harms because it was only thought of as an illegal substance,鈥� said Angela Bryan, a professor of psychology and neuroscience at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder whose team studies the health impacts of cannabis. 鈥淣ow we can focus on the full continuum.鈥�

Here鈥檚 a look at some lessons learned since legalization.

Legalization increases use, but not necessarily problems

Residents of states where cannabis has been legalized use marijuana 24% more frequently than those living in states where it remains illegal, according to 抖阴旅行射 research published in August in the journal Addiction. The study of more than 3,400 adult twins constitutes some of the strongest evidence yet that legalization causes increased use.

But preliminary results from the broader ongoing research project suggest increased use is not necessarily accompanied by increased behavioral problems.

Other studies have arrived at similar conclusions.

鈥淢any social ills that opponents warned about a decade ago have not come to pass,鈥� said Brian Keegan, an assistant professor in the Department of Information science who uses data to anaylze both the chemical makeup of cannabis and the evolution of the industry. 鈥淒UIs and crime did not explode听following legalization. And several studies have shown that opioid use and deaths in states following legalization.鈥�

With some groups, health risks are real

Professor Angela Bryan

Cannabis use is not without risk, particularly for adolescents and young adults.

鈥淚 think we can confidently say that using heavily when your brain is still developing is a bad idea,鈥� said Bryan.

Research from听Tiffany Ito, a professor of psychology and neuroscience, has shown that college students tend to when using marijuana, a combination that can potentially impact grades and graduation status.

Other 抖阴旅行射 Boulder research has found that heavy cannabis use among teens may boost risk of sleep problems later in life, and use among pregnant women may increase risk of sleep problems in their children.

Health benefits are measurable

Using a fleet of Dodge Sprinter vans, which they refer to as their mobile laboratories, Bryan and her colleagues have spent the past several years studying how commercially available cannabis products influence human health. They drive to the house of a study participant, take measurements in the van before and after they consume a THC-infused gummy candy or marijuana flower product in their own home, then take measurements again. (Because cannabis is still illegal at the federal level, researchers cannot possess or administer the products themselves).

The science is young, but several measurable benefits have emerged.

鈥淲e have found beneficial consequences for people who are in chronic pain, people who have anxiety and cancer patients,鈥� said Bryan.

The lab has also found that the right combination of cannabidiol (CBD) in addition to THC (9-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol) can help patients reap such therapeutic benefits without the side effects that keep some from trying it.

鈥淥ur preliminary data suggest that when people use a CBD-containing strain they show less intoxication and less cognitive impairment,鈥� said the study鈥檚 lead author and Assistant Professor Cinnamon Bidwell, co-director with Bryan of the 抖阴旅行射 Change Lab, a national leader in cannabis research.

Less may be more

Research out of the lab has also found that while smoking high-potency marijuana concentrates increases blood levels of THC more than twice as much as smoking conventional weed, it doesn鈥檛 necessarily get recreational users higher and may put them at greater risk of long-term adverse side effects.

The authors theorize that cannabinoid receptors in the brain may become saturated with THC at higher levels, beyond which there is a diminishing effect of piling on more THC.

Bottom line, said Bryan: 鈥淪uper high potency THC products are probably not a great idea.鈥�

Cannabis users are not couch potatoes

Assistant听Professor Brian Keegan

Surprisingly, Bryan鈥檚 lab has also found that the myth of the bong-smoking, Dorito-munching couch potato does not bear out in the research.

In fact,听 the opposite may be true.

鈥淭he epidemiological data are pretty clear: Cannabis users have a lower body mass index, better waist-to-hip-ratio and are more likely to meet exercise recommendations than non- users,鈥� Bryan said. 鈥淭hey also have better insulin function.鈥�

It鈥檚 hard to tell what is causing what, because the studies have been done in places where marijuana is legal and in many of those states, like Colorado, a healthy lifestyle is the norm.

In a survey of cannabis users, Bryan and colleagues found that听80% mix marijuana with working out, with 70% saying it increases enjoyment, 78% saying it boosts recovery and 52% saying it motivates them.

Bryan noted that cannabinoids have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Her team recently launched a study to further investigate the cannabis-exercise link.

鈥淚f cannabis could ease pain and inflammation, helping people be more active, that could be a real benefit,鈥� she said.

Labels don鈥檛 mean much

Keegan applies data science tools to glean what鈥檚 actually in commercially available products today and learn more about how an industry that spent decades underground is adapting and evolving now that it鈥檚 above-board.

In one听recent study, he and his collaborators found that labels like indica, sativa and hybrid 鈥� long used to distinguish one category of cannabis from another鈥� tell consumers little about what鈥檚 in the product and could be confusing or misleading.

The study of nearly 90,000 samples across six states found that labels 鈥渄o not consistently align with the observed chemical diversity鈥� of the product.

He and his co-authors are now calling for a cannabis labeling system akin to the Food and Drug Administration鈥檚 nutrition facts panel for food.

But the study also hints at a promising future for the industry, finding that existing commercially available weed in the U.S. is quite homogenous with plenty of room to innovate new breeds with different chemical profiles. That could be useful for both medicinal and recreational use.

鈥淭he founding fathers of cannabis research call it a pharmaceutical cornucopia because it produces so many different chemicals that interact with our bodies in different ways,鈥� Keegan said. 鈥淲e are only scratching the surface.鈥�