抖阴旅行射

Banner image: Two biological experiments designed by engineers at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder. The box on the left will travel to the moon as part of NASA's Artemis 1 mission. (Credit: Luis Zea)

A team of researchers led by 抖阴旅行射 Boulder is sending some unexpected hitchhikers to the moon: Twelve bags filled with baker鈥檚 yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the same kind of hard-working cells that make bread rise and ferment beer and wine.

As early as Saturday, a rocket taller than the Statue of Liberty is scheduled to blast off from a launch pad in Florida, carrying NASA鈥檚 new Orion space capsule into Earth鈥檚 orbit for the first time. From there, the spacecraft, designed to transport four听astronauts, will begin a 42-day journey to the moon and back to Earth.听

There aren鈥檛 any humans aboard this mission, . But that doesn鈥檛 mean there won鈥檛 be passengers. Three human mannequins, named Moonikin Campos, Helga and Zohar, will fly aboard Orion鈥攁s will four biological experiments, including one designed by a team at BioServe Space Technologies, a center in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences.

The experiment is tucked under one of the seats in a case about the size of a shoebox. Inside, millions of yeast cells will help scientists answer a critical question in space exploration: How might human bodies fare in the extreme environment of deep space, where astronauts could be exposed to the equivalent of thousands of chest X-rays鈥� worth of radiation on every voyage.听

鈥淣othing like this has happened for 50 years,鈥� said Tobias Niederwieser, a research associate at BioServe and an engineer on the team. 鈥淭he last time humans sent anything biological on a return trip to the moon was during Apollo 17 in 1972.鈥�

But it鈥檚 also just the beginning.听

Artemis 1 is the first step in NASA鈥檚 . The space agency plans to launch human astronauts, including the first woman, to the moon鈥檚 surface later this decade.

Researchers at BioServe are trying to keep those lunar explorers safe. Once the yeast cultures return to Earth, the team will retrieve the cells to study their DNA鈥攁nd potentially find clues that could help scientists prevent or treat the effects of radiation sickness in astronauts.

Luis Zea, a former researcher at BioServe now at the Colorado-based company Sierra Space, leads the project. He said it has made him look at the moon in a new way.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 see it the same,鈥� Zea said. 鈥淏ecause I know that Orion will be orbiting it soon with the hardware and science that we worked on for four years.鈥�

Far from home

For Zea and his colleagues, this experiment, officially called Deep Space Radiation Genomics (DSRG), has been a long time in the making.

Over nearly 35 years, researchers at BioServe have helped to fly hundreds of biological experiments into space. Most of them have traveled to the International Space Station (ISS), which orbits about 250 miles above Earth.听

Orion is a different kind of laboratory. For a start, the spacecraft is flying much farther鈥攈undreds of thousands of miles farther. In the process, it will travel beyond Earth鈥檚 Van Allen Belts, a pair of doughnut-shaped bands of radiation that surround the planet and shield it from the sun鈥檚 most dangerous rays. And unlike experiments on the ISS, no astronauts will be around to help run DSRG.听

鈥淭he entire experiment is battery-powered,鈥� Niederwieser said. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 get any data from it. We can鈥檛 send it a signal telling it when to start.鈥�

Instead, Niederwieser and his team designed the shoebox-sized laboratory to automatically detect when it is far enough from Earth, then turn itself on. Once that happens, small pumps will fill the bags of yeast with a nutrient-rich fluid, and the cells will begin to grow and reproduce.

The yeast cells themselves are a marvel of engineering. Working with researchers at the University of British Columbia in Canada, the BioServe team developed roughly 12,000 mutant strains of yeast for the experiment. Some of these organisms are missing certain genes, while others carry extra copies of those same snippets of code.

Researchers at the German Aerospace Center and the Universidad de Valle de Guatemala also contributed to the effort. More than a dozen students have taken part in the experiment, including four from 抖阴旅行射 Boulder.

Which of those mutants survive the trip to the moon, and which don鈥檛, could give scientists new clues about how radiation might affect human astronauts. Zea explained that yeast cells might not look a lot like big primates, but they share about 70% of their genes with humans. These cultures, in other words, will provide a window into how certain genes, or mechanisms for repairing damaged genes, might be critical for helping organisms survive in the harshness of space.

鈥淲hat we may be able to do is give future space explorers medication that enhance the efficacy of those DNA repair mechanisms,鈥� Zea said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 kind of like an anti-oxidant that will help mitigate the effects of radiation.鈥�

Coming home

Before that happens, however, the team will need to wait鈥攁nd wait.

The trip on Orion is just the first leg of the experiment. The researchers want to know how space radiation affects the microbes. To tease that out, BioServe will grow identical cultures of yeast on the International Space Station and on the ground in Boulder.

The box on Orion itself has a long journey ahead of it. Niederwiser and Zea handed the experiment over to NASA at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in mid-August. Once Orion touches back down on Earth later this fall, the Colorado researchers will have to wait for a team to retrieve the capsule and its biological experiments.

鈥淚t's especially nerve racking because we will not know if the unit has operated as intended until we get the box back in two or three months,鈥� Niederwieser said.

He and his colleagues are confident, however, that their tiny space explorers won鈥檛 let them down.