抖阴旅行射

Banner image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin stepped out a lunar lander onto the surface of the moon. The landscape in front of him, which was made up of stark blacks and grays, resembled what he later called 鈥渕agnificent desolation.鈥�

When it comes to desolation, however, the moon may have nothing on Mars.听

The red planet circles the sun at an average distance of about 140 million miles from Earth. When people eventually visit this world鈥攚hether that鈥檚 in 20 years or 50鈥攖hey may face a journey lasting 1,000 days or longer. The entire Apollo 11 mission, in contrast, lasted just a little over eight days. If future Mars astronauts get lonely, or if something more serious goes wrong, help is a long way away.

For researchers who study how human bodies and minds respond to the rigors of space travel, the scenario poses a lot of unknowns.

鈥淲e have never put someone in space for that long,鈥� said Allie Anderson, an assistant professor in the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences. 鈥淭here will be a lot of challenges we can鈥檛 predict because the human body doesn鈥檛 always behave as we predict when living in space.鈥�

Those challenges are in the spotlight again after NASA successfully landed its most recent non-human astronaut, a , on the surface of Mars Feb. 18. They鈥檙e also the bread and butter of researchers studying bioastronautics, or the study and support of life in space, at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder.

Anderson, for example, explores high-tech clothing that can monitor the health of astronauts as they live and work on Mars. Her research, she added, has evolved a lot as people across the globe are feeling increasingly isolated in their own lives. A second team led by engineer David Klaus studies how space habitats that employ 鈥渟mart systems,鈥� such as intelligent robots, might one day help humans to survive on the surface of an alien world.

It鈥檚 a research focus that comes with zero room for error, said Klaus, a professor of aerospace engineering sciences at 抖阴旅行射 Boulder.听

鈥淭oday, if something breaks on the International Space Station, astronauts can always get into a capsule and come home,鈥� he said. 鈥淲hen you start getting out toward Mars, you鈥檙e very far away. You can鈥檛 rely on ground control.鈥�

The stillness of space

Anderson noted that space can be a dangerous environment but also one that brings a sense of tranquility. It鈥檚 something she got to experience herself, if only for a few seconds in 2015. The engineer, who was then a postdoctoral researcher studying how low gravity environments can affect human eyesight, had the opportunity to ride on one of NASA鈥檚 famous parabolic flights鈥攍arge airplanes that fly high into the air then plummet quickly to make passengers feel like they鈥檙e weightless.

In a recent video, Anderson described a moment she had to herself at the end of that flight: 鈥淚 gently push off, and in that 20 second window, I get to just float and experience the calmness and stillness of space.鈥�

For the engineer, who refers to herself as a 鈥渓ittle bit of a Martian鈥� because of her passion for that planet, the feeling was short-lived. For Mars astronauts, that stillness will be an everyday reality. Even communicating with friends and family back home will be an ordeal. If you speak into a microphone on Mars, it can take anywhere from about five to 20 minutes for someone on Earth to hear your call. Mental health interventions like psychotherapy will be nearly impossible.

鈥淎stronauts aren鈥檛 going to be able to take a vacation from that environment,鈥� Anderson said.

So she and her colleagues, among other research projects, are trying to work within that uncertainty. They鈥檙e designing tools and strategies that may one day allow health professionals on Earth to monitor and even treat Mars explorers when they鈥檙e feeling stressed out.

Katya Arquilla, a graduate student working with Anderson, sees a lot of parallels to the challenges of providing mental health resources on Earth.

鈥淎 big issue is to get over the stigma of mental health,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 a problem we see here on Earth all the time鈥攇etting people to realize that they may have a mental illness and to seek help.鈥�

In one project, Arquilla and Anderson have devised new ways of collecting electrocardiogram (ECG) data on human patients. These heart signals, which are often used to diagnose heart attacks and similar health problems, can give medical personnel a window into how people are handling stress. Normally, doctors rely on obtrusive and uncomfortable adhesive electrodes to take ECG data. Arquilla, in contrast, developed and tested new kinds of woven electrodes that can be incorporated into the fabric of a normal, tight-fitting T-shirt.

Arquilla said that her thinking about the project has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Today, millions of Americans鈥攏ot just highly-trained astronauts鈥攁re undergoing the kind of loneliness and isolation that may await future Mars explorers. She hopes her research can make their lives better, too.

鈥淚 think the conversation on mental health here in the United States is finally shifting in a healthy direction,鈥� she said. 鈥淗opefully, these types of technologies can be integrated into care on Earth, as well.鈥�

Habitats as ecosystems

When people from Earth finally make it to Mars, they鈥檒l need someplace to sleep鈥攁nd those future living spaces will have to be much more than just homes, said Patrick Pischulti, a graduate student working on Klaus鈥� team.

鈥淔or astronauts, the space habitat is their ecosystem,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t provides oxygen. It provides water. It protects them from the dangers of the space environment.鈥�

Klaus, Pischulti and their colleagues are focusing on how NASA and other space agencies can keep these delicate ecosystems 鈥渁live鈥� even when humans aren鈥檛 onboard. In other words, how can a space habitat continue to function when there are no astronauts around to perform routine maintenance? The research is part of a NASA-funded initiative called the (HOME) Space Technology Research Institute, which is led by the University of California, Davis.

That鈥檚 important for Mars exploration in which habitats may sit empty for months in between crewed missions, Klaus said. 听

鈥淲ith the exception of a few short durations in between Skylab missions in the 1970s and during the early International Space Stations construction phase, there鈥檚 never been an opportunity or a need in NASA鈥檚 missions to have a human spacecraft with no humans onboard,鈥� he said.

The key to developing these kinds of self-sufficient homes may lie in 鈥渟mart systems.鈥� That鈥檚 a catchall term for intelligent machines, from vacuuming robots to floating networks of fire detectors, that can work in tandem with human users. NASA, for example, has already sent three robots collectively known as Astrobee to the International Space Station. The space agency is testing whether these flying, cube-shaped machines will be able to help astronauts complete their daily chores, such as shuttling objects around the station.

On Earth, there are no shortage to these kinds of tools, said Annika Rollock, a graduate student working on the HOME project. She and her colleagues, however, are seeking to better understand which ones may be critical for keeping astronauts healthy and safe鈥攁nd which ones might only get in the way or, even worse, put human lives at risk.

鈥淲e have to say, 鈥楾his AC unit or fire detector works great in an apartment building, but it won鈥檛 work in space, or it鈥檚 not going to be worth sending it into space,鈥� Rollock said.

For now, working in the field of bioastronautics can take a lot of patience鈥攊t may be decades, if not longer, before we see an Earthling set foot on Mars. But Anderson is hopeful, at least, that she鈥檒l see her hard work make it to the red planet one day.听

鈥淚 am hoping to see somebody stand on the surface of Mars before I die,鈥� she said. 鈥淓ven though I think I鈥檒l be an old woman when that happens.鈥�