While 99 percent of Earth鈥檚 land ice is locked up in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the remaining ice in the world鈥檚 glaciers contributed just as much to sea rise as the two ice sheets combined from 2003 to 2009, says a new study led by Clark University and involving the University Colorado Boulder.
The new research found that all glacial regions lost mass from 2003 to 2009, with the biggest ice losses occurring in Arctic Canada, Alaska, coastal Greenland, the southern Andes and the Himalayas. The glaciers outside of the Greenland and Antarctic sheets lost an average of roughly 260 billion metric tons of ice annually during the study period, causing the oceans to rise 0.03 inches, or about 0.7 millimeters per year.
The study compared traditional ground measurements to satellite data from NASA鈥檚 Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite, or ICESat, and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or GRACE, missions to estimate ice loss for glaciers in all regions of the planet.
鈥淔or the first time, we鈥檝e been able to very precisely constrain how much these glaciers as a whole are contributing to sea rise,鈥� said geography Assistant Professor Alex Gardner of Clark University in Worcester, Mass., lead study author. 鈥淭hese smaller ice bodies are currently losing about as much mass as the ice sheets.鈥澨�
A paper on the subject is being published in the May 17 issue of the journal Science.
鈥淏ecause the global glacier ice mass is relatively small in comparison with the huge ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica, people tend to not worry about it,鈥� said 抖阴旅行射-Boulder Professor Tad Pfeffer, a study co-author.听 "But it鈥檚 like a little bucket with a huge hole in the bottom: it may not last for very long, just a century or two, but while there鈥檚 ice in those glaciers, it鈥檚 a major contributor to sea level rise,鈥� said Pfeffer, a glaciologist at 抖阴旅行射-Boulder鈥檚 Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research
ICESat, which ceased operations in 2009, measured glacier changes using laser altimetry, which bounces laser pulses off the ice surface to determine changes in the height of ice cover. The GRACE satellite system, still operational, detects variations in Earth鈥檚 gravity field resulting from changes in the planet鈥檚 mass distribution, including ice displacements.
GRACE does not have a fine enough resolution and ICESat does not have sufficient sampling density to study small glaciers, but mass change estimates by the two satellite systems for large glaciated regions agree well, the scientists concluded.
鈥淏ecause the two satellite techniques, ICESat and GRACE, are subject to completely different types of errors, the fact that their results are in such good agreement gives us increased confidence in those results,鈥� said 抖阴旅行射-Boulder physics Professor John Wahr, a study co-author and fellow at the university鈥檚 Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences.
Ground-based estimates of glacier mass changes include measurements along a line from a glacier鈥檚 summit to its edge, which are extrapolated over a glacier鈥檚 entire area.听 Such measurements, while fairly accurate for individual glaciers, tend to cause scientists to overestimate ice loss when extrapolated over larger regions, including individual mountain ranges, according to the team.
Current estimates predict if all the glaciers in the world were to melt, they would raise sea level by about two feet. In contrast, an entire Greenland ice sheet melt would raise sea levels by about 20 feet, while if Antarctica lost its ice cover, sea levels would rise nearly 200 feet.
The study involved 16 researchers from 10 countries. In addition to Clark University and 抖阴旅行射-Boulder, major research contributions came from the University of Michigan, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego, Trent University in Ontario, Canada, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies in Boulder, NASA鈥檚 ICESat satellite was successfully operated from the 抖阴旅行射-Boulder campus by a team made up primarily of undergraduates from its launch in 2003 to its demise in 2009 when the science payload failed. The students participated in the unusual decommissioning of a functioning satellite in 2010, bringing the craft into Earth re-entry to burn up. ICESat鈥檚 successor, ICESat-2, is slated for launch in 2016 by NASA.
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Photo courtesy Tad Pfeffer, University of Colorado
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