Introduction
are the subject of much interest to scholars and students of the ancient world. Not only did their status and freedoms change drastically throughout time, but so, too, did their representations in art and literature. Most of these representations, however, were created by men, so much of what we know about women's daily lives, including wool-working and washing, relationships, and their virtues, is filtered through their prejudices and expectations. It can be challenging, then, to separate fact from fiction when trying to understand the lives of ancient Greek women who had little voice of their own. Although changing and often conflicting representations of gender can confuse our understanding of the social roles of women, representations of women in art may at least answer some of our questions about women's physical appearance,听, throughout Greek history.听
Archaeological remains, including representations of goddesses and mortal women in statues, vase paintings, and figurines, provide key evidence about the importance of clothing, jewelry, and other cosmetic embellishments in ancient Greece. Clothing, for example, is a product of culture and is therefore unique to the period in which it was fashioned. Representations of such chronologically significant details like clothing styles, then, making material culture an important avenue for studying cultural change (1).听
In order to understand changes in women's听dress during the听听(8th century - 480听B.C.E.)听we must look first at trends immediately preceding this period. In the Bronze Age cultures of听 and ,听for example,听"women wore a short-sleeved jacket cut so low in front as to leave the breasts exposed, and an ankle-length skirt decorated with flounces" (2). This particular style is not represented by art in the Greek collection at the University of Colorado at Boulder Art Museum, but can be seen represented in 听from Knossos (Crete). We do not know how common this style of dress was, but this tailored costume is unique to Bronze Age civilizations in Greece听and is easily distinguishable from the dress worn by women represented in art听from later periods of development.听
shows a dramatic transformation in women's clothing, as demonstrated by听a mid-6th century B.C.E. terracotta figurine in the 抖阴旅行射 Art Museum's collection听(pictured here).听After the Late Bronze Age, women's clothing lost its fitted, revealing appearance and took on the form of simple, "rectangular pieces of cloth draped to the figure and held in place with pins or brooches" (3).听There were countless variations on women's clothing during this period depending on regional popularity and large-scale trends over time. The three main items of clothing, however, were 听that were combined and re-combined in a variety of ways. These items of clothing were often elaborately colored and patterned, which added to the variety of apperances women could have.听
This essay was written to accompany a听collection of Greek artifacts at the 抖阴旅行射 Art Museum.听
Peplos
, also known as the Doric chiton (4), is the earliest known item听of Archaic Greek women's clothing. It first appears in art after the collapse of the Mycenaean culture and in the transition to the Iron Age.听The sleeveless peplos was made of a rectangular piece of cloth, usually of a heavier, woolen fabric, which was folded first in half听around the torso and beneath the arms.听The top was folded down to form an overfall or "apotygma." With the body centered between the two sides of the peplos, the garment was then pinned over both shoulders with听, which had many different forms. Additional brooches could pin the cloth down along the arm to create sleeves.听
There were multiple types and arrangements of the peplos, including听the open peplos, which was left open to show the leg on one side, and the closed peplos, sewn on both edges to conceal the sides of the body (5).听A closed peplos can be seen on on the Acropolis of Athens, dated to the later 5th century B.C.E. (6). Peploi were often brightly colored and patterned. (c. 530 B.C.E.), for example, show a woman wearing peplos brightly colored with reds, greens, and blues.听
Chiton
, also known as听the Ionic chiton (7), is usually understood as听a later modification of the peplos (8). Appearing by the middle of the 6th century B.C.E.,听the Ionic chiton is a notable combination of Greek and Eastern influences and can be seen as yet another example of the influence of the Orientalizing Period in Greek history (9), which was a听result of increased interaction between the Near East and Greece during the Archaic period. The shift in popularity from the Doric peplos to the Ionic chiton and what motivated it was a source of speculation for the 5th century B.C.E.听historian Herodotus ().听
Like the peplos, the chiton was fashioned from a single sheet of material folded across the body. The garment could be sewn completely along the top of the arms, leaving only a small hole for the head or neck (10). Alternatively, the chiton could be left sleeveless and, like the peplos, be pinned just over the shoulders.听Unlike the heavy wool peplos, however, the chiton was made of a lighter material, such as linen or silk, and it had no distinctive overfall element at the top.
The chiton lost favor to the peplos again in the 5th century B.C.E. This has been attributed, in part, to the in the early 5th century B.C.E.听This invasion of Greece by the Persians could have prompted an new aversion to anything considered Eastern (11). The new 5th century B.C.E. peplos differed from its earlier version, however, in that it was created from a less substantial woolen fabric and had a long overfall on one side (12).听A particular variation on the later peplos, called the听, is depicted in statues of the goddess with a longer overfall at the top and an extra fold or pouch of cloth draped underneath (13).听This trend, as expected, was later discarded, again in favor of the chiton.听
Himation
听is听the last of the three major categories of clothing found during the Archaic period in Greece. It is best described as a cloak or mantle and was usually听, not instead of them. There are many different types of himatia, but all are depicted either being worn over both shoulders or, as a "transverse himation," with just on one and draped diagonally across the torso (14).听Himatia survived the changes in clothing styles during the Archaic period听but were more commonly worn over Ionic chitons in the transverse himation style (15).
Footnotes
- Nudity, or a lack of dress, may also say a lot about a figure. For instance, nude forms are often subjects of eroticism and selective exposure, like of the breasts or buttocks, can be found in artwork depicting flute girls and dancing girls.听 For an interesting discussion on the relationship of women's sexuality to Greek society, art, and text, refer to听Nancy Sorkin Rabinowitz and Lisa Auanger,听听 Among Women: From the Homosocial to the Homoerotic in the Ancient World (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2002).
- R.A. 贬颈驳驳颈苍蝉,听Greek Terracottas听(London:听Butler and Tanner Ltd.,1967): 1ii. 听
- Higgins, Greek Terracottas:听1ii. For a more thorough explanation of the different forms of peplos, chiton, and himation, as well as descriptions of hair, foot adornment, and dress of foreigners, such as the Amazons, refer to听Ethel B. Abrahams,听Greek Dress: A Study of the Costumes Worn in Ancient Greece, From Pre-Hellenic Times to the Hellenistic Age听(Chicago, IL: Argonaut, Inc. Publishers, 1964) and听Margot Listor,听Costume: An Illustrated Survey from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century听(Boston: Plays, Inc.,1968):听47-65. 听
- 贬颈驳驳颈苍蝉,听Greek Terracottas:听1颈颈颈.
- Harold 碍辞诲补,听Goddess: The Classical Mode听(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003): 218-219.
- 碍辞诲补,听Goddess: The Classical Mode: 11.
- Felicity 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas: A Brief Guide for the Small Collector, with a Note on Greek Dress听(London: Cory Adams and Mackay Ltd, 1965):听58.
- The peplos was to gain popularity again in later times. 听
- 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas:听58-59.
- 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas鈥�: 59. 听
- 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas鈥�: 59. 听
- 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas: 59-60. 听
- 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas鈥�: 59.
- Higgins, Greek Terracottas: 1iii.听听听
- 狈颈肠丑辞濒蝉辞苍,听Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Pottery and Small Terracottas:听61.